We are pleased to invite all interested parties to an open lecture The Original Farm Animal Revolts: Kostomarov’s Ukraine and Reymont’s Poland at the Turn of the Twentieth Century by Dr. Thomas Aiello from Valdosta State University (USA).
The lecture in English will be held on December 19 at 6 P.M. in the conference room of the Faculty of “Artes Liberales” of the University of Warsaw at Dobra Street 72. Discussion moderation after the lecture: Dr. Dorota Łagodzka.
The Original Farm Animal Revolts: Kostomarov’s Ukraine and Reymont’s Poland at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
In 1945, George Orwell published Animal Farm, a critique of Cold War totalitarianism wherein animals acquire human speech, walk on two legs, and ultimately oppress themselves once gaining power. Its concern for the lived experience of farmed animals is marginal. But it was not the first farm animal revolt. Two decades prior, Polish novelist Władysław Reymont published Bunt (Revolt) about a farm animal uprising in search of equality that degenerates into chaos and abuse of power. It was a metaphor for the Bolshevik takeover in Russia that formed a model for Orwell’s later metaphorical criticism of a different generation of totalitarians. Even earlier, Ukrainian historian Nikolai Kostomarov published his own tale of animal revolution, “Skotskoi Bunt” (“Animal Revolt”) in 1880, a story that was given a wider audience upon its republication in 1917, just prior to that same Bolshevik Revolution. The case for Kostomarov’s tale being an allegory for human travails, however, is more difficult to make, and there is linguistic and historical evidence that the story is less concerned with human revolution and more with a case against harming nonhuman animals.Both of the narratives, then, one from Ukraine and one from Poland, were vital to the creation of Orwell’s later totalitarian allegory. More importantly, each were written and published in a specific cultural context in time and space–Central and Eastern Europe from the 1880s to the 1920s–that would have created distinct receptions to the works partially based on human political realities, but also rooted in flourishing vegetarian and animal rights movements in Ukraine and Poland at the turn of the twentieth century. Orwell’s Animal Farm, one of the most influential novels of the twentieth century, may not have been a story of animal rights, but it was based, and in some cases almost copied directly, from stories far more closely linked to such concerns.
